Understanding Enterprise Entrepreneurship and Small Business

Question: Examine about the Understanding Enterprise for Entrepreneurship and Small Business. Answer: Presentation: Present day data innovation has significantly changed the lives of associations both business and preparing foundations. The flood of data innovation has prompted inventiveness and creativity which are the best systems for business achievement (Crane Matten, 2016). With the appropriation of data and correspondence innovation (ICT), web based shopping, long range informal communication, computerized showcasing, and distributed computing have taken a high situation in the business world. The utilization of ICT in the business activity of training foundation helps the administration in guaranteeing methodical administration of understudies information, convenient observing of educational program occasions, and upgrading moment understudy bolster programs over their gateways (Scheer, 2012). Thus, the foundation develops to a world class association because of high caliber and innovation based administrations offered to the partners. Business preparing organizations putting resources into innovation make a sound advancement way which widens the piece of the overall industry and generally intensity in the business (Bridge O'Neill, 2012). Data and correspondence innovation empower an association to examine clients information and proficiently settle on dependable choices pertinent to the course of business life. The utilization of ICT in a preparation foundation encourages advertising of the association's projects and business development. This gets accomplished through advanced showcasing that empowers the advertising group to utilize complex advances in advancing the association's administrations everywhere throughout the commercial center. The accomplishment of an establishment is expansive based to web showcasing. Data and correspondence innovation helps the administration in giving client care benefits that fulfill their requirements. Authoritative tasks achievement relies upon getting clients/understudies needs, practices, levels of fulfillment, and patterns (Scheer, 2012). The utilization of web innovation henceforth empowers the administration to speak with understudies both the current and potential. Data innovation is helpful and important in asset the board which goes about as a key driver to business achievement. ICT assumes a noteworthy job in money related and human asset the board by presenting a cordial arrangement in states of complex difficulties (Klitmoller, 2011). Likewise, cloud innovation empowers frameworks examiners and architects of an association to include venture asset planning(ERP) arrangements. The utilization of data innovation helps the organization settle on the correct choices that cut over all branches of the foundation. This is accomplished through leading a far reaching innovation based exploration which gives the administration all the most pertinent information to settle on steady choices (Crane Matten, 2016). The utilization of Google Analytics and Big Data as online exploration instruments gives precise information helpful to dynamic in the business tasks. The utilization of ICT in an instructive foundation empowers the association store great records for future access and recovery. Understudy enlistment information, acquisition benefits, and recruiting programs are sufficiently observed by understudy information frameworks, venture the executives projects, and representative administration frameworks (Klitmoller, 2011). This, in this way, guarantees the proficient going of messages between different gatherings in the organization. All in all, drawn out accomplishment in business is just accomplished using data and correspondence innovation in business. Learning foundations need to put resources into ICT to advance development and achievement in the business. Consequently, employing gifted IT specialists, settling on constant choices, and improving on business technique brings about business achievement. References Extension, S., O'Neill, K. (2012).Understanding venture: enterprise and independent company. Palgrave Macmillan. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016).Business Ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and manageability in the time of globalization. Oxford University Press. Klitmoller, A. (2011). ICT and Knowledge Sharing in MNCs.Euram'11 Proceedings. Scheer, A. W. (2012).Business procedure designing: reference models for mechanical undertakings. Springer Science Business Media.

Porter Five Forces Model free essay sample

Porter’s Five Forces Model: a review Porter’s Five Forces Model: a diagram Abstract Porter’s Five Forces Model is an organized system for breaking down trade and business foundation. It was shaped by Michael E. Watchman of the Harvard Business School among 1979 and the mid 1980’s. Watchman built up the Five Forces model contrary to the SWOT (qualities, shortcomings, natural chances, dangers) examination that was an industry standard for organizations to decide how they contrasted with different organizations in a specific market or if there was chance to venture into various markets. We will compose a custom paper test on Doorman Five Forces Model or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Porter’s Five Forces Model: an outline Porter’s Five Forces Model is an organized structure for examining trade and business foundation. It was framed by Michael E. Doorman of the Harvard Business School among 1979 and the mid 1980’s. Watchman built up the Five Forces model contrary to the SWOT (qualities, shortcomings, natural chances, dangers) investigation that was an industry standard for organizations to decide how they contrasted with different organizations in a specific market or if there was chance to venture into various markets. Porter’s unique model distinguished five powers that could impactsly affect any business’ exercises in a market. The Porter powers included: the contention among contending dealers in the business; the market endeavors of organizations in different ventures to prevail upon clients their own substitute items; the potential market section of new contenders; the bartering force and influence exercisable by providers of data sources; and †the haggling force and influence exercisable by purchasers of the item. The competition among contending venders in the business Competition among firms changes impressively between enterprises. It is impacted, for example, by the quantity of contenders, showcase development, fixed costs, exchanging costs, leave obstructions and assorted variety of opponents. The higher the level of competition in an industry, the lower the normal profit for ventures. Focus proportions are well known measures for increasing introductory bits of knowledge into the level of contention in an industry. (Niedderhut-Bollman, Theuvsen, 2008) Wal-Mart is a case of a retailer who has effectively fused cost initiative as a center plan of action and has constrained providers to work as needs be. Notwithstanding, retailers, for example, Target with inventive and restrictive store brands have affected Wal*Mart to separate their clothing store brand contributions with the George attire brand. (Fratto, Jones, Cassill, 2006) The market endeavors of organizations in different businesses to prevail upon clients their own substitute item A danger of substitutes exists when value changes in different enterprises impact item request in the business being dissected. Close substitutes for the most part confine an organizations capacity to raise costs and in this manner limit gainfulness. Because of changing customer conduct and tastes, substitute items have become a significant danger for German bottling works. Progressively customers are supplanting brew with different refreshments, for example, wine and sodas, that better mirror their changing ways of life and mentalities. The family-claimed Karlsberg bottling works centers essentially around the developing danger of substitutes by bringing creative blended brews into the market, for example, Mixery (lager in addition to cola), Radler (brew in addition to Sprite), and Desperados (Tequila-enhanced lager). The potential market passage of new contenders The danger that new contenders may enter an industry relies upon obstructions to section. At the point when obstructions to section are low, inordinate benefits will rapidly pull in new contenders, and value rivalry will turn out to be progressively extraordinary. (Niedderhut-Bollman, Theuvsen, 2008) The Internet permits littler organizations to seize and additionally make a specialty in a market that takes into account it to hold onto a little favorable position and possibly to set another motivation for existing organizations. In the Swedish retail banking industry, some portion of the accomplishment of the new contestants was related with new items they offered and the haggling power they spoke to for clients, I. e. the results of insurance agencies and the accommodation of retail locations. (Bostrom, Wilson, 2009) The bartering force and influence exercisable by providers of data sources Powerful providers can convey crude materials at a significant expense to catch a portion of their clients benefits. Providers are amazing when they can believably undermine their clients with forward combination, are more concentratedâ than their clients, sell separated items (rather than ware items), give significant and hard to supplant inputs or when clients face high exchanging costs. (Niedderhut-Bollman, Theuvsen, 2008) The dealing force and influence exercisable by purchasers of the item When purchasers are amazing, they set costs and breaking point the providing industrys productivity. Purchasers are ground-brea king when they are concentrated, have tenable in reverse combination choices, buy a noteworthy segment of the providers yield or can without much of a stretch and economically change to different providers or substitutes.

Simplex, Complex, Multiplex Samuel R. Delany and Experience vs. Reading

Simplex, Complex, Multiplex Samuel R. Delany and Experience vs. Reading Can reading substitute for experience? Is there ever a time when book knowledge beats knowledge gained through living? Because it’s impossible to do everything in life, most of us live vicariously through reading. Can we ever learn about living from reading fictionalized experiences? Book v. experience came up recently in an argument with my old friend Connell. We were talking about another friend Janis moving to Mexico, and I wondered if I would like living in Mexico. Connell said traveling to another country changes people in ways that are impossible to know without actually going. Since I’ve never traveled out of the country but often read books by people that do, I argued that we should be able to gain some sense of traveling from reading. Connell told me I was fooling myself. I probably am but I want to believe books can convey a degree of actual experience. This got me thinking. My conclusion is experiencing comes in two kinds â€" what we feel and what we think about those feelings. I concur with Connell that books can’t recreate the feeling of an experience. On the other hand, I think it’s obvious that books can convey information we learn from our experiences. And, heres my hypothesis: novels should be able to describe feelings in such a way that we can relate them to our own experiences and feelings. Understanding this issue will teach us about the limitations of fiction and nonfiction. Fiction has always given us the illusion that we travel in space and time. Is knowledge gained from reading totally fiction, or can fiction convey truths about an experience? Janis has been to Mexico many times and has even lived there for six months. She knows what it feels like. I bought her a book, A Better Life for Half the Price by Tim Leffel, a guy who writes about how to live abroad, and who lives in Mexico. His book, in 316 pages, distills Leffels experiences into useful knowledge that can be passed on in words. He also relates the experiences of many American expats living abroad. Janis found his very useful. This kind of practical information based on experience is something nonfiction books do very well, but what about the feelings Connell was talking about? Can we read memoirs and novels that will prepare us for what emotions we might actually experience? For example, can a book describe the frustration at failing to do normal social tasks because we dont know the language? Or convey the loneliness that comes from being surrounded by people you cant talk to? Or the cultural shock of being with people whose politics, pop culture, religion, sports, music, etc. have absolutely no overlap with your own? How often have you felt that a novel transmitted a deep emotional insight about life? We often talk about books and movies in terms of emotional responses. Is this an illusion? Can fiction be a Rosetta stone for feelings? Connell and I continually refer to one book we both read fifty years ago, Empire Star by Samuel R. Delany. Delany was a child prodigy, and his early books reflect his experiences of exploring a larger, more exciting adult world filled with other prodigies, some more dazzling than he. Delany was hanging around Greenwich Village when Bob Dylan showed up. Delany was probably in the most exciting place on Earth (NYC) in his early twenties, and that was reflected in his 1960s science fiction. Its why I considered Delany the most creative science fiction writer at the time. Delany was a decade older than Connell and me, so we used his books as guides to experiences that were out of our league. This was especially true for Empire Star/Babel-17, and “The Star Pit (found in the collection Aye, and Gomorrah). We feel Chip Delany wrote about important life-altering events in the 1960s he experienced in his mid-twenties that we translated and understood in our mid-teens. Is that possible? We didn’t even know at the time that Delany was African-American and gay. However, we felt his stories conveyed genuine emotional experiences that we could learn from. In 1988 Delany published The Motion of Light in Water: Sex and Science Fiction Writing in the East Village a memoir about his life during the years he wrote his early science fiction. Delany just published In Search of Silence: The Journals of Samuel R. Delany, Volume 1, 1957-1969. So we have both the fictionalized and nonfiction account of Delaney’s experiences. Connell and I have always believed Delany was giving us insight into his real-life experiences coded into fiction. Heres what he says in Motion: But no simple, sensory narrative can master what it purportsâ€"whether it be a hitchhiking trip to Texas or the memories that remain from such a trip twenty-five years later. That age-old philosophical chestnut, the Problem of Representation (in its twin forms, the Problem of Verification and the Problem of Exhaustiveness) makes mastery as such a non-problem, with no need of haute théorie. Theodore Sturgeon’s fine insight is perhaps germane here: the best writing does not reproduceâ€"or representâ€"the writer’s experience at all. Rather it creates an experience that is entirely the reader’s, forged and fashioned wholly from her or his knowledge, of her or his memories, by her or his ideology and sensibility, and demonstrably different for eachâ€"but which (according to the writer’s skill) is merely as meaningful (though not necessarily meaningful in the same way) as the writer’s, merely as vivid. In short, writing creates not a representation of the writer’s world but a model of the writer’s purport. (It creates a re-presentation, in a different form, of the reader’s world.) This belief is reinforced because Delany had characters in different books have similar insights. I know I will never know what it’s like to be Samuel R. Delany. But can Delany transmit an emotional insight that I can recognize when I experience a similar situation in my life? Or can he describe a personal experience that I empathize enough to feel I’ve learned something? Humans are not telepaths â€" but how much can we connect psychically in words? Is it ten percent? One percent? One thousandth of a percent? Just how much can a black gay man growing up in Harlem as a gifted teenager in the 1950s tell two straight teens growing up in white Miami in the 1960s that were C+ students? I think a great deal. I admit Connell is right. To know what living in another country is like requires going there. But I want to believe books can give us something! I’m a lifelong bookworm. I have to believe books convey more than facts and figures, that they can create pseudo-emotions that trigger artificial experiences that can change us. The next part of this essay is where it gets hard. I want to use one concept that Delaney used in Empire Star about simplex, complex, and multiplex, and try to prove my point. I believe Delany encoded a great deal of emotional experience into a cheap 1966 paperback science fiction book. Empire Star was a 102-page novella, one-half of an Ace Double. It wasn’t a prestigious literary novel from Charles Scribner’s Sons or an avant-garde work of art from Grove Press. It was a 45-cent paperback masterpiece. Delany dealt with three reoccurring themes: naïve characters thrown into a complex world, characters being complexly confused by matching their experiences with others, and characters who are amazed by meeting wiser characters who apparently know the impossible. Delany called these mindsets simplex, complex, and multiplex (think multidimensionally complex). Connell and I have applied Delanys insight from Empire Star in countless ways over the last half-century. I cant even explain this deep insight with so few words. You will need to read Empire Star. However, I do believe Delanys observation of three mindsets and how they work can be applied anywhere without knowing how he specifically learned them. For example, once you get the hang of what hes talking about, it makes understanding our bizarre politically polarized world easier. In our argument, Connell asserts that travel is one of the primo methods for promoting multiplex thinking. This is exactly what Delany did in his stories. It’s also what Joseph Campbell describes The Hero With a Thousand Faces. What I tried to argue back that Connell didn’t believe, is reading can do this too. Connell said this was me rationalizing my self-consciousness over the lack of foreign travel. And that’s true, but it’s also true most of what we know about reality comes from reading. Whether its from living or reading we all encounter new experiences going through the mental stages of simplex, complex and multiplex insights. A great writer can take us through them just like real world experiences can. Sure the gold standard of experience is real life. And for many people, real life and travel stay at the simplex level anyway. Complexity and multiplexity come from analyzing and abstracting our real world experiences. No one today can travel to first century Rome. We will never know what it feels like to live in a city in the past. Yet, it’s my claim that reading a few books can tell us more about life then than most of its inhabitants ever knew while living. Again, it’s abstractions versus feelings. But here’s the thing about being human, we only feel in the moment, in the eternal now, everything we remember feeling is an abstraction. And books can code that. But Connell’s argument included the fact that travel changes us. To make my rebuttal requires books being able to change us. Do they? How often have you said, or heard someone say, a book changed their life? I think they do. I wont know what Connell thinks until he reads this essay. Have you read books about life in other countries or visitors to them that you later verified by traveling yourself? Post a comment. Sign up to Swords Spaceships to  receive news and recommendations from the world of science fiction and fantasy.

Cinematography in avatar Free Essay Example, 1000 words

It is with the challenge to bring forth a digitally crafted world that has a grip on reality that Mauro presents imagery of intergalactic romance that leaves stunning looks to all the viewers and a sense of awe at its mode of production. The natural look created by the use of bold rays of sunlight that penetrate Pandora jungle is a significant turning point created by the cinematographer and increases the sales. Mauro’s captivating previous work in the 2003 epic, Tears of the Sun, has been hired and used to create outlandish treatment of tropical foliage premise. The film is a 3-D camera system that incorporates the use of high-definition video and motion takes to create a science fiction epic. Shooting in 3-D camera system combined with Sony’s F950 CineAlta HD cameras was a lengthy process in which two cameras recorded one image from two separate angles on same horizontal plane (Dsouza 63). The distance of separation of the two cameras, the interocular determines the extent of appearance of an image in the screen. The shooting is thus enhanced by the durability of the camera and the threshold for light. We will write a custom essay sample on Cinematography in avatar or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The imagery composed of an inside image of the laboratory scenes and an exterior environment of the Pandora shrubs which had to be merged to create the physical set. The backdrop is cast on a green screen including the light source. The lighting on set on characters and structures is such that the sun is placed as it would be in Pandora. I loved this film right from the onset to its ending because of capturing and captivating ability. The film begins with a calm scene of researcher and flows through thrilling scenes to culminate into war and victory setting of the Na’vi clan. The pace of the movie is not so fast and the language used is moderate for ease of understanding of the viewers. It does not incorporate much noise as can be evidenced in other action movies of its kind. The production is clear, and this actually depicts the amount of time actually used or consumed in the production process to generate an epic of its kind. The visual used has indeed enhanced the story. The crew has been efficient in determining the lighting plan, visual sets and fixtures and so was able to know how to work on low ceilings and beams of support (Dobbie 86). Platform garments and robot tools were used to enhance the scene and the production crew had to ensure that the lighting was above and still maintain the green sheen. In this case, the converging and interocular would be maintained in the images.

What Is the Oedipus Complex

Sigmund Freud coined the term Oedipus Complex to describe the rivalry a child develops with their same-sex parent for the sexual attentions of their opposite-sex parent. It is one of Freud’s most well-known but controversial ideas. Freud detailed the Oedipus Complex as part of his psychosexual stage theory of development. Key Takeaways: Oedipus Complex According to Freuds psychosexual stage theory of development, the child goes through five stages that lead to the development of his or her personality: oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital.The Oedipus Complex describes the rivalry a child develops with their same-sex parent for the sexual attentions of their opposite-sex parent, and it is the major conflict of the Phallic stage of Freud’s theory, which takes place between 3 and 5 years old.While Freud proposed there was an Oedipus Complex for both girls and boys, his ideas about the complex in boys were much better developed, while his ideas about girls have been the source of a great deal of criticism. Origins The Oedipus Complex was first outlined in Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams in 1899, but he didn’t label the concept until 1910. The complex was named after the title character in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex. In this Greek tragedy, Oedipus is abandoned by his parents as a baby. Then, as an adult, Oedipus unknowingly kills his father and marries his mother. Freud felt Oedipus’ lack of awareness of his predicament was much like a child’s because a child’s sexual desire for their opposite-sex parent and aggression and envy towards their same-sex parent is unconscious. Freud was more successful at developing his ideas about the complex in boys than in girls. Development of the Oedipus Complex The Oedipus Complex develops during the Phallic stage in Freud’s psychosexual stages, which takes place between the ages of 3 and 5. At that time, a boy starts to unconsciously desire his mother. However, he soon learns he can’t act on his desires. At the same time he notices his father receives the affections from his mother that he covets, causing jealousy and rivalry. Although the boy fantasizes about challenging his father, he knows he couldn’t do so in real life. Also, the boy’s confused by his conflicting feelings towards his father—although he’s envious of his father, he also loves and needs him. Furthermore, the boy develops castration anxiety, a concern that the father will castrate him as punishment for his feelings. Resolution of the Oedipus Complex The boy uses a series of defense mechanisms to resolve the Oedipus Complex. He uses repression to relegate his incestuous feelings towards his mother to the unconscious. He also represses his feelings of rivalry towards his father by identifying with him instead. By holding his father up as a role model, the boy no longer has to fight him. Instead, he learns from him and becomes more like him. It is at this point that the boy develops a superego, the conscience of the personality. The superego adopts the values of the boy’s parents and other authority figures, which gives the child an internal mechanism to guard against inappropriate impulses and actions. At each stage of Freuds theory of development, children must resolve a central conflict in order to move on to the next stage. If the child fails to do so, they will not develop a healthy adult personality. Thus, the boy must resolve the Oedipus Complex during the Phallic stage. If this doesn’t happen, in adulthood the boy will experience difficulties in the areas of competition and love. In the case of competition, the adult may apply his experience of rivalry with his father to other men, causing him to feel apprehensive and guilty about competing with them. In the case of love, the man may become mother-fixated, inadvertently seeking out significant others that resemble his mother. The Electra Complex Freud also specified an Oedipus Complex for little girls, called the Electra Complex, a reference to another Greek mythological figure. The Electra Complex begins when the girl realizes she lacks a penis. She blames her mother, developing resentment towards her as well as penis envy. At the same time, the girl starts to see her father as a love object. When she learns she can’t act on her affections for her father but her mother can, she becomes jealous of her mother. Eventually,  the girl gives up her incestuous and rivalrous feelings, identifies with the mother, and develops a superego. However, unlike Freuds conclusions about the resolution of the Oedipus Complex in little boys, he wasn’t sure why the complex resolved in little girls. Freud reasoned that perhaps the little girl is motivated by worries of the loss of her parents’ love. Freud also believed that the girl develops a weaker superego because the resolution of the girl’s complex isn’t driven by something as concrete as castration anxiety. If the girl fails to resolve the Electra Complex at the Phallic stage she may develop similar difficulties as an adult as a boy who fails to resolve the Oedipus Complex, including becoming father-fixated when it comes to significant others. Freud also noted that the disappointment the girl felt when she learned she lacked a penis could result in a masculinity complex as an adult. This could cause a woman to avoid intimacy with men because such intimacy would remind her of what she lacks. Instead, she may try to rival and surpass men by becoming excessively aggressive.   Criticisms and Controversies While the concept of the Oedipus Complex endures, many criticisms have been leveled at it over the years. Freud’s ideas about the Oedipus Complex in girls, in particular, were highly controversial from the time he first presented them. Many felt it was incorrect to apply a masculine understanding of sexuality to girls, arguing that girls’ sexuality may mature in different ways than boys. Others argued that Freud’s biases towards women were culturally based. For example, psychoanalytic writer Clara Thompson refuted Freud’s idea that penis envy is biologically based. Instead, she pointed out that girls envy boys because they often lack the same privileges and opportunities. Thus, penis envy isn’t due to a literal desire, but a symbolic one for equal rights. Some also objected to Freud’s ideas about women’s inferior morality, arguing they are reflective of his own prejudices. And in fact, research has shown that boys and girls can develop equally strong senses of morality.   In addition, while Freud argued that the Oedipus Conflict is universal, anthropologists like Malinowski countered that the nuclear family is not the standard in every culture. Malinowskis study of the Trobriand Islanders found that relationships between father and son were good. Instead, it was the sons uncle that served as his disciplinarian. In this case, then, the Oedipus Complex wouldn’t play out as Freud described. Finally, Freud’s ideas about the Oedipus Complex were developed from a single case study, that of Little Hans. Relying on only one case to draw conclusions raises questions on scientific grounds. In particular, Freud’s objectivity and the reliability of his data have been called into question. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"What is an Oedipus Complex?† Verywell Mind, 20 Sept. 2018, https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-an-oedipal-complex-2795403Crain, William. Theories of Development: Concepts and Applications. 5th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005.McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Oedipal Complex.† Simply Psychology, 3 Sept. 2018, https://www.simplypsychology.org/oedipal-complex.htmlMcAdams, Dan. The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology. 5th ed., Wiley, 2008.

Development of a Clinical Practice guideline for Acute Care Nursing Free Essays

Clinical practice guidelines are formulated as a necessity to provide uniformity in the nursing field, cut down costs involved and improve the quality of care offered to patients. One of the most important ways of developing a practical and effective guideline is the systematic review of literature on this area since extensive and credible research has been carried out and documented by qualified professionals. It is important to examine whether the formulation of such guidelines has helped influence the conduct of nurses and by extension to evaluate the extent, if any that the provision of health care has benefited from such guidelines. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of a Clinical Practice guideline for Acute Care Nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now It becomes essential to consider specifically the various areas of intensive medicine since the importance of the department makes it a necessity to have clear, uniform and sustainable practices that fosters discipline, acquisition of new knowledge and a diligence in ensuring that exact and prompt care is administered to save lives. Introduction Nursing is a vital part of our society due to the mortal nature of humanity. The average human person cannot live his whole life without need to acquire some medical attention due to either ailment or injury. Nurses therefore provide the necessary care in ensuring that people receive treatment of their various ailments and injuries and hence the role of the nurse is to foster good health and maintain good quality of life. Nurses work under all kinds of environment depending on the nature of ailment, preferences of the patients, personal choices that are influenced by various social and economic factors and in accordance to the laws and guidelines of the various institutions that have jurisdiction over the conduct of nurses under their authorities. These institutions might range from federal and state governments, registration and oversight bodies and specific hospitals in which individual nurses are attached. There are many fields in medicine and nurses work in all these departments depending on the specificity of the fields they have received training in. This paper will dwell on the area of acute care provision since as a student specializing in this field; it is common logic that my review should rotate within the educational confines of this field. The area of acute care nursing usually involves attending to patients within the intensive unit set up and is mainly patients whose lives are in danger due to fatal ailments and serious injuries. The history of the development of intensive unit care can be traced to Florence Nightingale and the contribution it has brought to the field of medicine is monumental if the great number of lives saved can be a testimony of its importance and success. It is important that nurses receive sufficient training since their occupation involves saving lives or restoring health regardless of whether assisting medics or administering such services independently. Education then becomes a vital part in the development of the nursing profession and hospitals have recognized the importance of education and by extension, hospitals are mandating that their nurses update their training annually (Kurjak Chervenak, 2006). There is a lot of prudence and common sense behind such directives, most of which are due to the increasing innovations in technology, medicines and methodologies in the field of medicine and nursing. Nurses, especially acute care nurses are required to have accurate knowledge in operating various machines employed in treating patients and since many improvements and new inventions are a daily occurrence, failure to have current knowledge might be a cause for catastrophe and civil liability thereafter. Guidelines are used to ensure that new findings in nursing are used to ensure that gains are felt in the nursing sector to ensure that all stake holders benefit. Good guidelines should be based on evidence and the best way to collect such evidence is through systematic reviews of the existing literature (Silagy, 2001). However, since several literatures exists on this field and the nature of the many changes in technology and technique that have occurred through the ages, it is necessary to limit your review to materials produced in the near past. The actual period one chooses to examine might be determined by several factors but among them might be the length of the systematic review with a small review like this one going back 5 to 10 years. This means that knowledge contained in these primary documents is current and a reflection of the present condition of nursing sector and guidelines based on such materials will act as an improving factor in the current health service provision. How to cite Development of a Clinical Practice guideline for Acute Care Nursing, Papers

Conservative vs Liberal Beliefs free essay sample

Conservative vs. Liberal Beliefs Copyright 2005 (revised 2010) StudentNewsDaily. com We all want the same things in life. We want freedom; we want the chance for prosperity; we want as few people suffering as possible; we want healthy children; we want to have crime-free streets. The argument is how to achieve them†¦ LIBERALS – believe in government action to achieve equal opportunity and equality for all. It is the duty of the government to alleviate social ills and to protect civil liberties and individual and human rights. Believe the role of the government should be to guarantee that no one is in need. Liberal policies generally emphasize the need for the government to solve problems. | CONSERVATIVES – believe in personal responsibility, limited government, free markets, individual liberty, traditional American values and a strong national defense. Believe the role of government should be to provide people the freedom necessary to pursue their own goals. Conservative policies generally emphasize empowerment of the individual to solve problems. | ISSUE| LIBERAL| CONSERVATIVE| Abortion| A woman has the right to decide what happens with her body. A fetus is not a human life, so it does not have separate individual rights. The government should provide taxpayer funded abortions for women who cannot afford them. The decision to have an abortion is a personal choice of  a woman regarding her own body and the government must protect this right. Women have the right to affordable, safe and legal abortions, including partial birth abortion. | Human life begins at conception. Abortion is the murder of a human being. An unborn baby, as a living human being, has separate rights from those of the mother. Oppose taxpayer-funded abortion. Taxpayer dollars should not be used for the government to provide abortions. Support legislation to prohibit partial birth abortions, called the â€Å"Partial Birth Abortion* Ban†(*Partial Birth Abortion:   the killing of an unborn baby of at least 20 weeks by pulling it out of the birth canal with forceps, but leaving the head inside. An incision is made in the back of the baby’s neck and the brain tissue is suctioned out. The head is then removed from the uterus. )| Affirmative Action| Due to prevalent racism in the past, minorities were deprived of the same education and employment opportunities as whites. The government must work to make up for that. America is still a racist society, therefore a federal affirmative action law is necessary. Due to unequal opportunity, minorities still lag behind whites in all statistical measurements of success. | Individuals should be admitted to schools and hired for jobs based on their ability. It is unfair to use race as a factor in the selection process. Reverse-discrimination is not a solution for racism. Some individuals in society are racist, but American society as a whole is not. Preferential treatment of certain races through affirmative action is wrong. Death Penalty| The death penalty should be abolished. It is inhumane and is ‘cruel and unusual’ punishment. Imprisonment is the appropriate punishment for murder. Every execution risks killing an innocent person. | The death penalty is a punishment that fits the crime of murder; it is neither ‘cruel’ nor ‘unusual. ’   Executing a murderer is the appr opriate punishment for taking an innocent life. | Economy| A market system in which government regulates the economy is best. Government must protect citizens from the greed of big business. Unlike the private sector, the government is motivated by public interest. Government regulation in all areas of the economy is needed to level the playing field. | The free market system, competitive capitalism, and private enterprise create the greatest opportunity and the highest standard of living for all. Free markets produce more economic growth, more jobs and higher standards of living than those systems burdened by excessive government regulation. | Education school vouchers charter schools| Public schools are the best way to educate students. Vouchers take money away from public schools. Government should focus additional funds on existing public schools, raising teacher salaries and reducing class size. | School vouchers create competiton and therefore encourage schools to improve performance. Vouchers will give all parents the right to choose good schools for their children, not just those who can afford private schools. | Embryonic Stem Cell Research| Support the use of embryonic stem cells for research. It is necessary (and ethical) for the government to fund embryonic stem cell research, which will assist scientists in finding treatments and cures for diseases. An embryo is not a human. The tiny blastocyst (embryos used in embryonic stem cell research) has no human features. Experimenting on embryos/embryonic stem cells is not murder. Embryonic stem cells have the potential to cure chronic and degenerative diseases which current medicine has been unable to effectively treat. Embryonic stem cells have been shown to be effective in treating heart damage in mice. | Support the use of adult and umbilical cord stem cells only for research. It is morally and ethically wrong for the government to fund embryonic stem cell research. Human life begins at conception. The extraction of stem cells from an embryo requires its destruction. In other words, it requires that a human life be killed. Adult stem cells have already been used to treat spinal cord injuries, Leukemia, and even Parkinson’s disease. Adult stem cells are derived from umbilical cords, placentas, amniotic fluid, various tissues and organ systems like skin and the liver, and even fat obtained from liposuction. Embryonic stem cells have not been successfully used to help cure disease. | Energy| Oil is a depleting resource. Other sources of energy must be explored. The government must produce a national plan for all energy resources and subsidize (partially pay for) alternative energy research and production. Support increased exploration of alternative energy sources such as wind and solar power. Support government control of gas and electric industries. | Oil, gas and coal are all good sources of energy and are abundant in the U. S. Oil drilling should be increased both on land and at sea. Increased domestic production creates lower prices and less dependence on other countries for oil. Support increased production of nuclear energy. Wind and solar sources will never provide plentiful, affordable sources of power. Support private ownership of gas and electric industries. | Euthanasia    Physician-assisted suicide| Euthanasia should be legalized. A person has a right to die with dignity, by his own choice. A terminally ill person should have the right to choose to end pain and suffering. It is wrong for the government to take away the means for a terminally ill person to hasten his death. It is wrong to force a person to go through so much pain and suffering. Legalizing euthanasia would not lead to doctor-assisted suicides of non-critical patients. Permitting euthanasia would reduce health care costs, which would then make funds available for those who could truly benefit from medical care. | Neither euthanasia nor physician-assisted suicide should be legalized. It is immoral and unethical to deliberately end the life of a terminally ill person (euthanasia), or enable another person to end their own life (assisted suicide). The goal should be compassionate care and easing the suffering of terminally ill people. Legalizing euthanasia could lead to doctor-assisted suicides of non-critical patients. If euthanasia were legalized, insurance companies could pressure doctors to withhold life-saving treatment for dying patients. Many religions prohibit suicide and euthanasia. These practices devalue human life. | Global Warming/ Climate Change| Global warming is caused by an increased production of carbon dioxide through the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas). The U. S. is a major contributor to global warming because it produces 25% of the world’s carbon dioxide. Proposed laws to reduce carbon emissions in the U. S. are urgently needed and should be enacted immediately to save the planet. Many reputable scientists support this theory. | Change in global temperature is natural over long periods of time. Science has not shown that humans can affect permanent change to the earth’s temperature. Proposed laws to reduce carbon emissions will do nothing to help the environment and will cause significant price increases for all. Many reputable scientists support this theory. | Gun Control| The Second Amendment does not give citizens the right to keep and bear arms, but only allows for the state to keep a militia (National Guard). Individuals do not need guns for protection; it is the role of local and federal government to protect the people through law enforcement agencies and the military. Additional gun control laws are necessary to stop gun violence and limit the ability of criminals to obtain guns. More guns mean more violence. | The Second Amendment gives citizens the right to keep and bear arms. Individuals have the right to defend themselves. There are too many gun control laws–additional laws will not lower gun crime rates. What is needed is enforcement of current laws. Gun control laws do not prevent criminals from obtaining guns. More guns in the hands of law-abiding citizens mean less crime. | Health Care| Support free or low-cost government controlled health care. There are millions of Americans who can’t afford health care and are deprived of this basic right. Every American has a right to affordable health care. The governement should provide equal health care benefits for all, regardless of their ability to pay. | Support competetive, free market health care system. All Americans have access to health care. The debate is about who should pay for it. Free and low-cost governement-run programs (socialized medicine) result in higher costs and everyone receiving the same poor-quality health care. Health care should remain privatized. The problem of uninsured individuals should be addressed and solved within the free market healthcare system–the government should not control healthcare. | Homeland SecurityNOTE – there are many facets to Homeland Security. This entry focuses on airport security. | Airport security – Passenger profiling is wrong, period. Selection of  passengers for extra security screening should be random. Using other criteria (such as  ethnicity)  is discriminatory and offensive to Arabs and Muslims, who are generally innocent and law-abiding. Terrorists don’t fit a profile. â€Å"†¦Arabs, Muslims and South Asians are no more likely than whites to be terrorists. † (American Civil Liberties Union ACLU)Asked on 60 Minutes if a 70-year-old white woman from Vero Beach should receive the same level of scrutiny as a Muslim from Jersey City, President Obama’s Transportation Secretary Norman Mineta said, â€Å"Basically, I would hope so. †| Airport security – Choosing passengers randomly for extra security searches is not effective. Rather, profiling and intelligence data should be used to single out passengers for extra screening. Those who do not meet the criteria for suspicion should not be subjected to intense screening. The terrorists currently posing a threat to the U. S. are primarily Islamic/Muslim men between the ages of 18 and 38. Our resources should be focused on this group. Profiling is good logical police work. â€Å"If people are offended (by profiling), that’s unfortunate, but I don’t think we can afford to take the risk that terrorism brings to us. They’ve wasted masses of resources on far too many people doing things that really don’t have a big payoff in terms of security. † – Northwestern University Aviation Expert A. Gellman. | Immigration| Support legal immigration. Support blanket amnesty for  those who enter the U. S. illegally (undocumented immigrants). Also   believe that undocumented immigrants have a right to: – all educational and health benefits that citizens receive (financial aid, welfare, social security and medicaid), regardless of legal status. – the same rights as American citizensIt is unfair to arrest millions of undocumented immigrants. Support legal immigration only. Oppose amnesty for those who enter the U. S. illegally (illegal immigrants). Those who break the law by entering the U. S. illegally do not have the same rights as those who obey the law and enter legally. The borders should be secured before addressing the problem of the illegal immigrants current ly in the country. The Federal Government should secure the borders and enforce current immigration law. | Private Property| Government has the right to use eminent domain (seizure of private property by the government–with compensation to the owner) to accomplish a public end. Respect ownership and private property rights. Eminent domain (seizure of private property by the government–with compensation to the owner) in most cases is wrong. Eminent domain should not be used for private development. | Religion and Government| Support the separation of church and state. The Bill of Rights implies a separation of church and state. Religious expression has no place in government. The two should be completely separate. Government should not support religious expression in any way. All reference to God in public and government spaces should be removed (eg. the Ten Commandments should not be displayed in Federal buildings). Religious expression has no place in government. | Th e phrase â€Å"separation of church and state† is not in the Constitution. The First Amendment to the Constitution states â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚   This prevents the government from establishing a national church/denomination. However, it does not prohibit God from being acknowledged in schools and government buildings. Symbols of Christian heritage should not be removed from public and government spaces (eg. the Ten Commandments should continue to be displayed in Federal buildings). Government should not interfere with religion and religious freedom. | Social Security| The Social Security system should be protected at all costs. Reduction in future benefits is not a reasonable option. [Opinions vary on the extent of the current systems financial stability. ] Social Security provides a safety net for the nation’s poor and needy. Changing the system would cause a reduction in benefits and many people would suffer as a result. | The Social Security system is in serious inancial trouble. Major changes to the current system are urgently needed. In its current state, the Social Security system is not financially sustainable. It will collapse if nothing is done to address the problems. Many will suffer as a result. Social Security must be made more efficient through privitization and/or allowing individuals to manage their own savings. | Taxes| Higher taxes (primarily for the wealthy) and a larger government are necessary to address inequity/injustice in society (government should help the poor and needy using tax dollars from the rich). Support a large government to provide for the needs of the people and create equality. Taxes enable the government to create jobs and provide welfare programs for those in need. Government programs are a caring way to provide for the poor and needy in society. | Lower taxes and a smaller government with limited power will improve the standard of living for all. Support lower taxes and a smaller government. Lower taxes create more incentive for people to work, save, invest, and engage in entrepreneurial endeavors. Money is best spent by those who earn it, not the government. Government programs encourage people to become dependent and lazy, rather than encouraging work and independence. | United Nations (UN)| The UN promotes peace and human rights. The United States has a moral and a legal obligation to support the United Nations (UN). The U. S. should not act as a sovereign nation, but as one member of a world community. The U. S. should submit its national interests to the greater good of the global community (as defined by the UN). The U. S. should defer to the UN in military/peacekeeping matters. The United Nations Charter gives the United Nations Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security. U. S. troops should submit to UN command. | The UN has repeatedly failed in its essential mission to promote world peace and human rights. The wars, genocide and human rights abuses taking place in many Human Rights Council member states (and the UN’s failure to stop them) prove this point. History shows that the United States, not the UN, is the global force for spreading freedom, prosperity, tolerance and peace. The U. S. should never subvert its national interests to those of the UN. The U. S. should never place troops under UN control. U. S. military should always wear the U. S. military uniform, not that of UN peacekeepers. [Opinions vary on whether the U. S. should withdraw from the UN. ]| War on Terror/Terrorism| Global warming, not terrorism, poses the greatest threat to the U. S. , according to Democrats in Congress. Terrorism is a result of arrogant U. S. foreign policy. Good diplomacy is the best way to deal with terrorism. Relying on military force to defeat terrorism creates hatred that leads to more terrorism. Captured terrorists should be handled by law enforcement and tried in civilian courts. | Terrorism poses one of the greatest threats to the U. S. The world toward which the militant Islamists strive cannot peacefully co-exist with the Western world. In the last decade, militant Islamists have repeatedly attacked Americans and American interests here and abroad. Terrorists must be stopped and destroyed. The use of intelligence-gathering and military force are the best ways to defeat terrorism around the world. Captured terrorists should be treated as enemy combatants and tried in military courts. | Welfare| Support welfare, including long-term welfare. Welfare is a safety net which provides for the needs of the poor. Welfare is necessary to bring fairness to American economic life. It is a device for protecting the poor. | Oppose long-term welfare. Opportunities should be provided to make it possible for those in need to become self-reliant. It is far more compassionate and effective to encourage people to become self-reliant, rather than allowing them to remain dependent on the government for provisions. |

Balkanize

Balkanize Balkanize Balkanize By Maeve Maddox A word one hears and sees a lot these days is the verb to balkanize. Especially common are impassioned warnings about something described as â€Å"the balkanization of America.† Note: the Merriam-Webster entry for balkanize is lowercase, with the notation, â€Å"often capitalized.† Balkanize was coined about 1918 as a geopolitical term to describe the political fragmentation of a specific area of the world: the Balkan Peninsula. Located in Southeast Europe between the Adriatic Sea on the northwest and the Black Sea on the east, the Balkan Peninsula is also called â€Å"the Balkans.† The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains. It’s a very large area257,400 square miles (about the size of Texas)occupied by numerous ethnic and religious groups. Following World War I the old powers that once ruled the peninsula were replaced by numerous new states. Because of ethnic and religious differences among their populations, these new â€Å"Balkanized† states were often hostile to one another. The verb coined to described the situation in the Balkans is still used to describe actual political conditions in other regions of the world: Experts Warn of Balkanization of Libya ArabSaga: Iran-Iraq pushing for Syrias balkanization Hydropolitics Propel Balkanization in Africa A Balkanized Middle East Set To Blow In addition to political connotations, balkanize and its noun balkanization have acquired an extended meaning of fragmentation that can apply to just about anything: Balkanization Of America Accelerating We Can’t Let the Internet Become Balkanized The Balkanization of English Language and Literature Signs of Balkanization in L.A. Unified [schools] Pat Buchanan Warns against â€Å"Balkanization and Disintegration† A Warning Against Rights Balkanization Ex-KGB Analyst Predicts Balkanization of US The idea of hostility implied in the term makes balkanize a popular rhetorical choice to express negativity. The allusions to the balkanization of America focus on what seems to be a growing reluctance among legislators and various segments of the population to compromise on issues that affect the country as a whole. Note: the Balkan States are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Slovenia, and three states that have emerged from what used to be known as Yugoslavia: Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo. A small part of Turkey also lies on the Balkan Peninsula. The Balkan States in Southeast Europe are not to be confused with the Baltic States in Northern Europe. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are the countries usually meant by â€Å"the Baltic States,† but Finland and Poland also lie along the Baltic Sea. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Wether, Weather, WhetherWriting the CenturyHonorary vs. Honourary

106 Animals With Unusual Group Names

106 Animals With Unusual Group Names Leave it to the animal kingdom to bring us some unusual and fun-to-say names for certain animal groups. While it may be easy to think of all animals in terms of herds and packs, its so much more fun to learn the true group names for some of your favorite animals. Whether its an unkindness of ravens or a cete of badgers, the animal kingdom is rich with clever and creative names for groupings of animals. From a wake of buzzards to a leap of lizards, explore the following odd and awesome animal group names throughout the rest of the article, categorized alphabetically by the animals mentioned and used in fun sentences that I hope tells a compelling narrative of exploring over 100 unique names of groups of animals. From a Rookery of Albatrosses to a Murder of Crows The etymology of why we call groups of animals a particular noun truly derives from humans instinctive nature to categorize and compartmentalize identifiers in their brain. For this reason, collective nouns were created to describe particular animal groups. That way, even without the identifying noun of the animal itself, when referring to collective nouns like a shrewdness roaming the jungle, one can safely assume the speaker is talking about a group of apes. Did you know a group of albatross was called a rookery or a group of alligators called a congregation or that baboons travel in troops while badgers travel in cetes and bats in cauldrons? Its best to be wary when a sloth of bears comes lumbering through the woods, which may occur as a sedge of American bitterns, a chain of bobolinks, a bellowing of bullfinches or a wake of buzzards circle overhead. Hunters may take bloodhounds out in a sute, but a clowder or pounce of cats or kindle or litter of kittens wouldnt be quite right for the job. Still, while roaming through the obstinacy of buffalo, one might notice an army of caterpillars, or more rarely a coalition of cheetahs somewhere on the open plains. Be careful not to step on a quiver of cobras, the resulting scream may set a gulp of cormorants or a cover of coots, or worse yet a murder or horde of crows to flight.   From a Pack of Dogs to a Leash of Foxes Dogs can either be identified as a litter of puppies, a pack of wild dogs, or a cowardice of curs while donkeys travel in groups known as paces. In terms of flying creatures, dotterels travel in trips, turtle doves in pityings, ducks swim in groups called rafts but fly in formations called flocks, while groups of eagles are proudly referred to as convocations. You wont want to miss a parade of elephants or a gang of elk roaming around, and a mob of emus and a business of ferrets are not quite as frightening as they sound. A cloud of grasshoppers, though, truly is terrifying, but you can take solace in that a tribe of goats will likely eat an entire cloud if given the chance. Some names, like a charm of finches, a tower of giraffes, a prickle of porcupines and a stand of flamingos make sense just because of the creature groups they name - finches are charming, giraffes do tower, porcupines do prickle and flamingos typically stand on one leg! However, Ive never seen a leash on a fox, but a group of foxes is called a leash. From a Band of Gorillas to a Parliament of Owls Groups of gorillas are known as bands, which bazars of guillemots or confusions of guinea fowls would certainly enjoy if only they played instruments! Bloats of hippopotamus or cackles of hyenas could bask by the watering hole while a shadow of jaguars, an ambush of tigers, a troop of kangaroos and a party of jays watch from the bushes! Elsewhere in the jungle, a conspiracy of lemurs leisurely hangs amongst the vines as a leap of leopards (or lizards, as the term fits both) and a pride of lions circle the group below. Meanwhile, a mischief of mice and labor of moles fights for control over a hollowed out tree stump they both want to call home while a barrel of monkeys hoots and holler at a passing barren of mules. In the category of flight, lapwings travel in deceits, larks in exaltations, mallards in sords, magpies in tidings or gulps, martins in richnesses, nightingales in watches and owls in parliaments. A pandemonium of parrots or a covey of partridges may also take part in a gathering of birds, while ostentations of peacocks may want to stand apart from the crowds. From a Rookery of Penguins to a Zeal of Zebras Penguins travel in groups called colonies, musters, parcels or rookeries - depending on the type of penguin - while otters travel in romps and jellyfish in smacks. Elsewhere underwater, a pod of porpoises, a fever of stingrays, a shiver of sharks, and a run of salmon frolick beneath the surface.   In the air, ravens travel in kindnesses, snipes in walks, sparrows in hosts, starlings in murmurations, and storks in musterings. Groups of swans are called bevies while groups of trush are called mutations. Turkeys travel in gangs (watch out) and vultures circle in kettles. Waterfowls travel in knobs but wildfowls travel in plumps and woodpeckers descend on trees in groups called descents. On land, a coterie of prairie dogs pops up on an unsuspecting nest of rabbits, a gaze of raccoons, a scurry of squirrels and a building of rooks. A rhumba of rattlesnakes shake their tails as a crash of rhinoceroses and a congress of salamanders pass too close, and a cluster of spiders hide in response.  A mud pit full of pigs can be referred to as a passel or a sounder while polecats specifically travel in chines. Whales travel in pods and wolves travel in packs while groups of wombats are called wisdoms and groups of zebras called zeals.

Chinese History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Chinese History - Essay Example The paper tells that the Ming Literature texts address issues of consumption in both negative and positive ways. However, they are not detached from a discourse of morality, governance and universal order discourse that links humanity from any class in the society. In the Ming China, the majority of the population was busy with issues of whether to consume enough of the available necessities of life to avoid death rather than the choices about consumption. The difference of access was clear in the choices in terms of the range of commodities to be used. The elite are the ones who make decisions on how things out to be. Therefore, as Clunas points out, â€Å" in the pre-industrial world of goods of the Ming elite is a clear parallel to the situation described by Adrian Forty as intrinsic to the more complex world of the nineteenth century in Europe and America†. Thus, the writings reveal the manner in which consumption f luxury goods affected decision-making and class struggles in Ming China. In my opinion, The Ming Literature texts address issues of consumption in Ming China and show that Ming was a materialistic individual who wanted to preserve the culture and class system of ancient China. The issue in Ming China was not about what to consume but about the amount to consume with respect to the different classes that people occupied. This clearly shows the class anxieties between the elite and the low classes where the elite wanted to preserve their status by all means. This explains the consumption of luxurious goods by the elites.

How does carnival reflex the culture from where it comes from And Essay

How does carnival reflex the culture from where it comes from And Consider the nature of carnival - Essay Example Carnival and related activities are generally a transformation of local traditional beliefs and rituals. Different rituals in carnivals are validated on the belief that they bring good fortune, solve problems, and appease out angry forefathers passed in a new world. Carnivals reflect the culture from where they originate. Following discussions will bring out the cultural reflections from rituals and celebrations of carnivals. Three carnivals, Carnival of Veneza, Notting Hill Carnival and Australian Carnival Mardi Grass are discussed in particular to show how different rituals are influenced from the land of their origin. All carnivals, from Rio to Australian Mardi Gras, give a peek in to the culture of their origin. Carnival in Rio de Janeiro is considered as one of the biggest show of celebration on the earth. It is best example of cultural reflections on carnivals. Samba, a dance brought over by African slaves with them, is the main attraction of the celebration. The dance has seen a rapid transformation over years, it was fused with the choros, street bands of Brazil, but still its vivacious color and free spirited movements reflects an African culture and reminds of its historical evolution. The history of carnival of Veneza dates back to 2nd May 1268. Carnival starts around two weeks before Ash Wednesday and ends on Shrove Tuesday or Mardi Gras, the day before Ash Wednesday. Traditionally, masks have been central theme of the celebrations. People wear different types of Venetian masks such as Bauta, Moretta and Larva and disguise themselves as a symbolism of social and economical equality. Wearing of masks has been prohibited many times under different governments citing different political and religious issues and the carnival was dormant for several centuries. The origin of carnival of Veneza has several historical significances. It

Employment Law in Hungary Problem Question

Employment Law in Hungary Problem Question The difficulties that Andreas and Luka face in this circumstance relate to the fact that where Treaty Articles[1] and Regulations[2] are directly applicable in national courts. Directives are only binding as to the result to be achieved, with it being necessary for the Member State to adopt the national law in such a way as to implement the Directives terms.[3] This means that whilst Andreas and Luka would have been able to rely directly on a Treaty Article or Regulations to enforce their EU rights in the Hungarian courts, they must rely on some alternative method of enforcement in respect of the Directive. It is these alternative methods of enforcement that lie at the crux of the issues here. Although the direct effect for Treaty Articles was not instant, it was developed over a period of time, and Van Gend was the first judgment to expressly state that Treaty Articles could be directly effective.[4] On the other hand, Article 288 TFEU[5] specifically says that Regulations are directly effective. This was confirmed in Leonesio [6] and held that Directives are only directly effective in respect of the aims to be achieved and that the Member States are given discretion as to how these aims are introduced into national law. On the face of it, it could be suggested that because Directives are not directly enforceable in the national courts, Member States would be able to disregard the requirements of the Directive. If as it has happened in this circumstance, it does not suit the current national requirements. This would, of course, make Directives largely irrelevant. This was the view that was taken by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in Van Duyn v Home Office.[7] In this judgment, it would be held that, if the Directive was clear, precise and unconditional (the same requirements as exist for the direct effect of Treaty Articles and Regulations)[8], and had a direct effect on the relations between individuals and the Member States. Therefore, the Directive ought to be given direct effect in the national courts. The above position was further clarified in Pubblico Ministero v Ratti.[9] Mr. Ratti was a manufacturer of solvents in Italy, was charged failure to comply with the stricter Italian law. The ECJ made clear that the proper purpose of direct effect for Directives was to prevent a Member State from gaining an advantage by ignoring the requirements of a Directive. In essence, a Member State is estopped from denying an individuals rights based on the contents of a Directive once the period for implementing the Directive has passed. Based on the above, it seems that Andreas and Lukas position is a relatively strong one, but unfortunately, the issue is slightly more complicated. These complications are initially lie in the fact that a failure to implement a Directive into national law is entirely caused by the fault of a Member State. In Marshal,[10] it was recognized that allowing an individual to rely on the provisions of a Directive directly against another individual could have unfair results. This is because the individual expected to comply with the Directives may have no idea of its existence. On this basis, it was further held in Faccini Dori v Recreb[11] that the Directives could only have a direct effect on the Member State itself. This is known as a vertical direct effect. This is clearly a limiting factor and therefore it is essential that it is possible to identify what kind of organization fits within this requirement. The issue of identifying against whom the direct of a Directive could be relied upon was addressed in Foster v British Gas.[12]Here, it was held that an organization would be part of the Member State if it was subject to the authority or control of the State, or had powers that went beyond those that ordinarily exist between individuals. There are two separate approaches that are followed in this respect. In Sozialhifeverband,[13] it was held that private companies owned by a local authority would be considered sufficiently linked to the State purely based on the nature of their ownership. In Vassallo, [14] it was stated that the nature of the role of the organization could also impact on whether it was considered part of the State. In this case, a privately-run hospital was considered part of the State. This is because some of its activities were publicly funded and partly also because it was serving a public function. It can be seen from the above, the fact that Directives can only have a vertical direct effect will have a significant impact upon Andreas and Lukas ability to rely on the Directive. It seems probable that even though Andreass employer receives some of its funding from private contributions, the fact that it is partly funded by the State, and it will be considered to serve a public function. It will mean that it will be considered part of the State and that, Andreas will be able to rely on the provisions of the Directive directly against it. The effect of this will ensure that prior to his dismissal, Andreas will be considered to have held a permanent contract. Therefore, he will presumably be able to rely on Hungarian employment law, at the very least, attempt to assert that he should receive some compensation for his dismissal. However, Andreas will not be able to assert that the Directive means that he should not have been dismissed. This is because the only relevant purpose of th e Directive is to ensure that a permanent contract is granted after two temporary ones have elapsed. The position is very different for Luka. This is because the company for which she is working with is purely privately owned and funded. This is unlikely to be considered to serve as a public function. Therefore, she will not be able to rely on the direct effect of the Directive. However, this is not the end of the matter, because there are further possibilities that may assist her. The first of these possibilities lies in what is known as an indirect effect. In Von Colson Kamann,[15] it was held that national courts have a duty to interpret national legislation in line with EU provisions if this was possible. The approach in Von Colson Kamann[16] was quite limiting in that it only applied to national legislation that was implementing the Directive in question. This approach would not assist Luka, this is because there is no indication that the Hungarian government has taken any implementing steps at all with the regards to this Directive. The position was expanded somewhat in Marleasing[17], that to require national courts to interpret all national legislation in line with EU provisions where possible. It is not possible to comment on the impact of an indirect effect on Lukas position specifically. This is because this will entirely depend on whether there is already in existence any Hungarian legislation that could be interpreted in line with the provisions of the Directive. If this is possible, Luka will be able to rely on the existing national legislation and the Hungarian courts will be required to interpret accordingly. Clearly, if there is no relevant Hungarian legislation exists, of if the existing legislation is written in such a way that an alternative interpretation is not possible, the indirect effect will be of no assistance to Luka. The second possible solution for Luka can be found in the judgment in Francovich.[18] In this judgment, it was held that where a Member State has failed to implement a Directive and if certain other requirements are satisfied, an individual would be able to hold the Member State liable for their losses. In order for State liability to arise, three conditions must be met. Firstly, the Directive must grant rights to the individual. Secondly, it must be possible to identify these rights from the content of the Directive. Finally, there must a direct causal link between the Member States failure to implement the Directive and the loss suffered by the individual. There seems little difficulty in applying the above three conditions to Lukas position. On the fact given, it appears that the very purpose of the Directive was to grant individuals with the right to be placed on a permanent contract and the subsequent employment security that such a contract provides. It is also clear that the nature of the Directive makes its purpose clear. The position in respect of the causal link between the failure to implement the terms of the Directive and the loss sustained by Luka is an interesting one. This is because, taken at a simple level, the non-renewal of Lukas contract would not have occurred if the Directive had been properly implemented. Luka would already have been working under a permanent contract. However, the failure to implement is not necessarily the reason for Lukas loss. This is the downturn in piano manufacture and the subsequent loss of her job. In this respect, Luka may have lost her job even if she had a permanent contract. In order to address this, it would be necessary to consider the steps taken by Kende Pianos in deciding whom to dismiss. However, it seems that even if it is possible to demonstrate that Luka would have been dismissed anyway, even if she would be on a permanent contract. Therefore, on the fact that she will not receive this payment is directly caused by the failure in implementation of the Directive and Luka should be able to claim damages from the State in order to compensate for this loss. In conclusion, Andreas will be able to rely on the Directive directly in the Hungarian courts to ensure that he receives the same employment rights as an individual on a permanent contract. On the other hand, Luka will not be able to rely on the direct effect of the Directive, but she may be able to rely on its indirect effect, or she may be able to seek damages from the Hungarian State. CASES Faccini Dori v Recreb (case 91/92) [1994] ECR I-3325 Foster v British Gas (case C-188/89) [1990] ECR I-3313 Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy (joined cases C-6/90 and C-9/90) [1991] ECR I-5357 Leonesio v Italian Ministry of Agriculture (case 93/71) [1972] ECR 293 Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacionale de Alimentacion SA (case C-106/89) [1990] ECT I-4135 Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (case 152/84) [1986] ECR 723 Pubblico Ministero v Ratti (case 148/78) [1979] ECT 1629 Sozialhifeverband Rohrbach v Arbeiterkammer Oberosterreich (case C-297/03) [2005] ECR I-4305 Van Duyn v Home Office (case 41/74) [1974] ECT 1337 Van Gen en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (case 26/62) [1963] ECR 1 Vassallo v Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale San Martino di Genova e Cliniche Universitarie Convenzionate (case C-180/04) [2006] ECT I-7251 Von Colson Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (case 14/83) [1984] ECR 1891 TREATIES Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union 2012 BOOKS Chalmers, D Davies, G Monti, G European Union Law (3rd edn Cambridge University Press 2014) Craig, P De Burca, G EU Law Text, Cases, and Materials (6th edn Oxford University Press 2015) Schutze, R European Union Law (Cambridge University Press 2015) [1] Van Gen en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (case 26/62) [1963] ECR 1 [2] Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), Article 288 [3] Ibid [4] Van Gen (n1) [5] Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), Article 288 [6] Leonesio v Italian Ministry of Agriculture (case 93/71) [1972] ECR 293 [7] (case 41/74) [1974] ECT 1337 [8] The van Gend Criteria (van Gen en Loos) [9] (case 148/78) [1979] ECT 1629 [10] Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (case 152/84) [1986] ECR 723 [11] (case 91/92) [1994] ECR I-3325 [12] (case C-188/89) [1990] ECR I-3313 [13] Sozialhifeverband Rohrbach v Arbeiterkammer Oberosterreich (case C-297/03) [2005] ECR I-4305 [14] Vassallo v Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale San Martino di Genova e Cliniche Universitarie Convenzionate (case C-180/04) [2006] ECT I-7251 [15] Von Colson Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (case 14/83) [1984] ECR 1891 [16] Ibid [17] Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacionale de Alimentacion SA (case C-106/89) [1990] ECT I-4135 [18] Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy (joined cases C-6/90 and C-9/90) [1991] ECR I-5357

FIR Filter Design

The objective of this project is to use three different design methods to design a low-pass filter that meets specifications given, and then compare these three different methods through different parameters. In this project, seven filters should be designed using Matlab. And we compare them on worst case gain, largest tap weight coefficient, maximal passband and stopband error, magnitude frequency response, impulse response, group delay and zeros/poles location. Finally, use these filters to do filtering, and then compare their responses to the predicted one. Discussion of Results: > Part 1: Window Method (a) Use fir1 function to synthesize an FIR that meets specifications using a boxcar window. Worst gain = 1.8372 Largest tap weight coefficient = 0.3694 Maximal passband error = 0.1678 Maximal stopband error = 0.0795 (b) Use Hann window to synthesize an FIR that meets specifications. Worst gain = 1.4154 Largest tap weight coefficient = 0.3496 Maximal passband error = 0.0052 Maximal stopband error = 0.2385 **Filter #1 is the unwindowed design, and Filter #2 is the windowed design. From the comparison above, we can see that the unwindowed design has a more critical passband and stopband edge, but the windowed one has a smaller maximal passband error as we expected. Also, the windowed one has a larger attenuation on stopband than the unwindowed one. The group delay responses of two designs are the same. (c) Use Kaiser window to synthesize an FIR that meets specifications Worst gain = 1.6900 Largest tap weight coefficient = 0.3500 N = 21 (which is in 20 in matlab) Maximal passband error = 0.0706 Maximal stopband error = 0.0852 ** Filter #1 is the unwindowed design, and Filter #2 is the kaiser design. From the comparison above, we can see that both designs have critical passband and stopband edges, but the kaiser one has a smaller maximal passband error as we expected. Also, the kaiser one has a smaller attenuation on stopband compare with the unwindowed one. The group delay responses of two designs are different, the Kaiser one only has 20th order, so the group delay is 10, not 11 as the unwindowed one. (d)The zeros of the three windowed designs ** Filter #1 is the â€Å"boxcar† design, and Filter #2 is the Hann design, Filter #3 is the Kaiser design. From figure above, we can see that Hann design has a zero far from unit circle, which is corresponding to the slower attenuation compared to the other two designs. The zeros of â€Å"boxcar† design are similar to the Kaiser design. > Part 2: LMS Method (a) Using Matlab's firls function to meet the original design specification. Worst gain = 1.5990 Largest tap weight coefficient = 0.3477 Maximal passband error = 0.0403 Maximal stopband error = 0.1137 ** Filter #1 is the 2(a) design, and Filter #2 is the â€Å"boxcar† design. From the comparison above, we can see that the â€Å"boxcar† design has a more critical passband and stopband edge, but the LMS one has a smaller maximal passband error as we expected. Also, the LMS one has a larger attenuation on stopband than the â€Å"boxcar† one. The group delay responses of two designs are the same. (b) Using Matlab's fircls1 function to meet the original design specification. Worst gain = 1.6771 Largest tap weight coefficient = 0.3464 Maximal passband error = 0.0516 Maximal stopband error = 0.0782 ** Filter #1 is the 2(a) design, and Filter #2 is the 2(b) design. From the comparison above, we can see that the 2(b) design has a more critical passband and stopband edge, but the 2(a) one has a smaller maximal passband error. Also, the 2(a) one has a larger attenuation on stopband than the 2(b) one. The group delay responses of two designs are the same. (c)The zeros of the two LMS designs ** Filter #1 is the 2(a) design, and Filter #2 is the 2(b) design. From figure above, we can see that 2(b) design has a zero far from unit circle, which is corresponding to the slower attenuation compared to the other design. The zeros around the unit circle are similar to each other. > Part 3: Equiripple Method (a) Using Matlab's firgr function to meet the original design specification (uniform error weight) Worst gain = 1.6646 Largest tap weight coefficient = 0.3500 Maximal passband error = 0.0538 Maximal stopband error = 0.0538 ** Filter #1 is the 3(a) design, and Filter #2 is the â€Å"boxcar† design. From the comparison above, we can see that the â€Å"boxcar† design has a more critical passband and stopband edge, but the 3(a) one has a smaller maximal passband error. Also, the â€Å"boxcar† one has a larger attenuation on stopband than the 3(a) one. The group delay responses of two designs are the same. (b) Using Matlab's firpm function to meet the original design specification Worst gain = 1.6639 Largest tap weight coefficient = 0.3476 Maximal passband error = 0.0638 Maximal stopband error = 0.0594 ** Filter #1 is the 3(a) design, and Filter #2 is the 3(b) design. From the comparison above, we can see that the 3(b) design has a more critical passband and stopband edge. And the stopband error is 0.0488 (which is consistent with 0.0538*(1-20%)=0.04304), the passband error is 0.0639 (which is consistent with 0.0538/(1-20%)=0.06725). The group delay responses of two designs are the same. (c) The zeros of the two equiripple designs ** Filter #1 is the 3(a) design, and Filter #2 is the 3(b) design. From figure above, we can see that 3(a) design has a zero far from unit circle, which is corresponding to the slower attenuation compared to the other design (almost no attenuation on the figure shown ). There is only one zero stays outside the unit circle for 3(b) design, which is the minimum phase design. > Part 4: Testing (a)Table the features for the 7 designed FIRs: Features Filter #1 Filter #2 Filter #3 Filter #4 Filter #5 Filter #6 Filter #7 Maximum gain 1.8372 1.4154 1.6900 1.5990 1.6771 1.6646 1.6639 Maximum passband linear 0.1678 0.0052 0.0706 0.0403 0.0516 0.0538 0.0638 Maximum passband error(dB) -15.5052 -45.7568 -23.0266 -27.8855 -25.7472 -25.3838 -23.9007 Maximum stopband linear 0.0795 0.2385 0.0852 0.1137 0.0782 0.0538 0.0594 Maximum stopband error(dB) -21.9886 -12.4495 -21.3913 -18.8858 -22.1339 -25.3838 -24.5274 Group delay 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 Largest tap weight coefficient 0.3694 0.3496 0.3500 0.3477 0.3464 0.3500 0.3476 (b) From the figure followed, we can figure out that the group delay is 22-11=11 samples regardless of the input frequency. (c) Compare the original, mirror, and complement FIR's impulse, magnitude frequency, and group delay response **Filter #1 is the original filter, Filter #2 is the mirror filter, and Filter #3 is the complement filter. (d) Maximal output is 1.8372, which equals to the worst gain prediction of this filter. > Part 5: Run-time Architecture (a) N = 8, M=1; N = 12, M=1; N = 16, M=1; Round off error N=8 N=12 N=16 From the comparison above, we can see clearly that as the value of N increases, the round-off error decreases. Bits of precision is N-1-1=N-2 (b) Choose two 12-bit address space which has memory cycle time of 12 ns, so the maximum run-time filter speed is 1/ (12ns/cycle*16 bits) =1/ (192 ns/filter cycle) =5.21*106 filter cycles/sec > Part 6: Experimentation (a) The maximal of the output time-series is 1.1341. It is reasonable, because it is smaller than the worst case gain which is 1.8372. So this agrees with the predicted filter response. (b) The â€Å"chirp† function makes a short, high-pitched sound, and it sounds four times, which is corresponding to the 4*fs. When all the .wav files are played, we can hear obviously that the frequency of output sound is much lower than the frequency of input sound, which means that the filter did filter high-frequency components out. From the figure above, we can see the high-frequency components are gone, which agrees with the predicted filter response, a low-pass filter. Summary: Through this project, the detailed processes of designing a filter by three different methods have been understood. And we know more about all the parameters which would affect properties of the filters, and how to use different methods to design them and make best trade-off between each other.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy Cancer ,which is also called Malignant tumors ,it controll cell growth and proliferation mechanism disorder caused by the disease. also it will invade the surrounding normal tissues even through circulating system or the lymphatic system is transferred to the rest of your body. Now people more and more early to have cancer, Many things can let us more easy to increase the risk of cancer, there are including smoke, certain infections, radiation, lack of physical activity, obesity, and environmental pollutants.These can directly damage genes or combine with existing genetic faults within cells to cause the disease. Chemotherapy is one of the methods for the treatment of cancer. That uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. It is also called â€Å"chemo. † Today, there are many different kinds of chemotherapy. So the way patient feel during treatment may be very different from someone else. Why I chosen this treatment, because Chemotherapy is a common treatment that I usu ally heard in news or someone talk about it, so I also interested in this treatment.Chemotherapy can be used to: Destroy cancer cells,Stop cancer cells to spread ,Slow the growth of cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be given alone or with other treatments to cure. It also can help other treatments work better. For example, you may get chemotherapy before or after surgery or radiation therapy. Or you may get chemotherapy before a peripheral blood stem cell transplant. can be given in these forms: an IV (intravenously),a shot (injection) into a muscle or other part of your body,a pill or a liquid that you swallow, a cream that is rubbed on your skin.But chemotherapy have many disadvantage, this treatment will hurt your body and let your body become weak. Because chemotherapy have poor selectivity on cancer cells, it have a toxic effect on the cancer cells and normal cells. Besides it can kill the cancer cells, at the same time it is obvious damage the organ function and normal tissue cel ls. Chemotherapy common side effects: 1) Myelosuppression: Most chemotherapy drugs can cause Myelosuppression , and it shows for the decline in white blood cells and platelets, fraudulent claims red fine chest, even like hemoglobin decreased. 2) gastrointestinal reactionLoss of appetite, eating less,feel sick, vomiting, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation. 3) Cardiac toxicity Some chemotherapy drugs can produce cardiac toxicity, damage to myocardial cells, palpitation, palpitations, chest tightness, precordial discomfort, shortness of breath and other symptoms, even it will heart failure. 4) liver damage Patients with liver discomfort, and even can cause toxic hepatitis. 5) kidney damage Cause renal dysfunction and low back pain, kidney discomfort. 6) Phlebophlogosis The vascular lesions Color become dark red or dark yellow, localized pain. ) Toxicity of the nervous system Mainly refers to the chemotherapy drugs produce damaging effects on the surrounding nerve endings, the patient may appear extremities numb extremities sensation. 8) Anaphylaxis Many cytotoxic drugs will cause varying degrees of allergy. I think’s disadvantage was more than advantage, and this treatment will hurt our body, in my opinion for patients who has poor health, poor liver and kidney function, low white blood cells, and malnutrition, in addition to rescue type chemotherapy. I don’t think chemtherapy was a good idea to treat cancer.And people who has Terminal cancer do not use the way of Chemotherapy, maybe you don’t do anything can let you stay in world for more time. Chemotherapy will make you miserable. So health is precious! We have to keep our body more and more health, stay away from cancer. http://wenku. baidu. com/view/faecdb80d0d233d4b14e6985. html http://wenku. baidu. com/view/a33d7a65caaedd3383c4d3c6. html http://www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/types/alphalist http://translate. google. com. hk/translate? act=url&hl=zh-CN&ie=UTF8& prev=_t&sl=en&tl=zh-CN&u=http://www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/types/alphalist

Civil War And Its Greatest Moral, Constitutional, And...

Lincoln is one of the â€Å"champions† of human life and dignity. He is one of the presidents in the US. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy.By the 1850s, slavery was still legal in the southern United States, but had been generally outlawed in the northern states, including Illinois, whose original 1818 Constitution forbade slavery, as required by the Northwest Ordinance. Lincoln disapproved of slavery, and the spread of slavery to new U.S. territory in the west. On October 16, 1854, in his Peoria Speech, Lincoln declared his†¦show more content†¦Sandford; Chief Justice Roger B. Taney opined that blacks were not citizens, and derived no rights from the Constitution. Lincoln denounced the decision, alleging it was the product of a conspiracy of Demo crats to support the Slave Power. Lincoln argued that the authors of the Declaration of Independence never intended to say all were equal in color, size, intellect, moral developments, or social capacity , but they did consider all men created equal—equal in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness .After the state Republican party convention nominated him for the U.S. Senate in 1858, Lincoln delivered his House Divided Speech, drawing on Mark 3:25. He said that ahouse divided against it couldn’t stand. The speech created an evocative image of the danger of disunion caused by the slavery debate, and rallied Republicans across the North. The stage was then set for the campaign for statewide election of the Illinois legislature, which would, in turn, select Lincoln or Douglas as its U.S. senator.On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected the 16th president of the United States, beating Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Br eckinridge of the Southern Democrats, and John Bell of the new Constitutional Union Party. He was the first president from the Republican Party. As Lincoln s election became evident, secessionists made clear their intent to leave the Union before he took office the